Fig. 5

The protective effects of DSD in OIPN are transferred by FMT. A FMT protocol. B Body weight measurements. C Measurement of withdrawal threshold for mechanical allodynia (von Frey test). D Representative images of Nissl-stained DRG sections (63 ×). Lightly stained cytoplasm and shrunken nucleoli (red arrow) were analyzed. Histograms show nucleolar area. E ELISA-based detection of LPS, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum and DRG extracts. F Alpha-diversity of gut microbiota composition. G PCoA analysis of gut microbiota composition. H Genus-level analysis of bacterial composition under two comparison strategies. I Representative IHC images of colon sections showing the expression of tight junction-related proteins (20 ×). Histograms show IOD/ARE (mean density). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, vs. OXA_OXA group; n = 6 in OXA_OXA group, n = 7 in DSD_OXA and DSDOXA_OXA groups